PTI MODULE 1 - HARDWARE

PRACTICAL REPORT

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(TIF 23102)

MODUL 1

HARDWARE

       ARRANGED BY

NAME                          : ALISYA NABILAH

NIM                              : 3201830003

CLASS                         : ICP

GROUP                        : 1

LECTURER                 : WENDHI YUNIARTO, MT

INFORMATICS ENGINEERING LABORATORY

INFORMATICS D3 STUDY PROGRAM

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MAJOR

PONTIANAK STATE POLYTECHNIC

2018

MODUL 1

 HARDWARE

I.      PURPOSES

1. Practices can understand and understand computer structures.
2. Practice can understand and understand about computer hardware and various parts.
3. Praktikan can distinguish about input devices and output devices.
4. Praktikan can assemble a computer.

II.     THE BASIC THEORY

A.  COMPUTER DEFINITION

            The term computer has a broad and different meaning for everyone. The term computer (computer) is taken from Latin computare which means counting (counting or counting). According to Blissmer (1985), computers are electronic devices that can perform several tasks, namely receiving input, processing input according to instructions given, storing commands and processing results, and providing output in the form of information.

Whereas according to Sanders (1985), computers are electronic systems to manipulate data quickly and precisely and are designed and regulated using the receipt and storage of data input, processing, and producing output in accordance with instructions that have been stored in memory.

However, in essence, it can be concluded that computers are electronic devices that can receive input, process input, provide information, use programs stored in computer memory, can store programs and process results, and use them automatically.

B.  COMPUTER SYSTEM

       The main purpose of a computer system is to process data to produce information so that it needs to be supported by elements consisting of hardware, software, and brainware. Hardware is a computer device itself, software is a program that contains commands to perform certain processes, and brainware is a human involved in operating and managing a computer system.

Three elements of a computer system must be interconnected and form a unity. Hardware without software will mean nothing, only inanimate objects. Neither the hardware nor the software can function if no human operates it.

C. COMPUTER STRUCTURE

Computer structure is defined as the ways in which each component is interrelated. The computer structure is simply illustrated in the block diagram in the following figure.

      CPU / Processor, Memory and I / O Port located on the Mother Board. In short, a computer system consists of three important parts, namely:

1.   CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) / Processor

2.   Memory ( RAM dan ROM )

3.   Input / Output

      

While computer functions are defined as the operation of each component as part of the structure. The functions of each component in the above structure are as follows:

Input Devices Computer hardware that functions as a tool for entering data or commands to a computer. Output Devices (Output Devices) computer hardware that serves to display output as a result of data processing. Outputs can be hard-copy (to paper), soft-copy (to the monitor), or in sound form.

This part of the I / O port is used to receive or send data outside the system. The input and output equipment above is connected through this port. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer system, and has two parts of operational functions, namely:

-      ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit) as a data processing center.

-      CU (Control Unit) as a computer controller.

       Memory functions to store data and programs. Different types of memory from the fastest to late access. Based on the speed of access, a memory hierarchy can be created as in the following table.

Tabel 1. Hirarki Memori

Tercepat Terlambat	Register
	Cache Memory
	Main Memory
	Sekunder Memory

       Bus data lines of data transfer between modules in a computer system. Because at some point each channel can only carry 1 bit of data, then the number of channels determines the number of bits that can be transferred at a time. This bus data width determines the overall system performance. It is bidirectional, meaning that the CPU can read and receive data through this data bus. Data buses usually consist of 8, 16, 32, or 64 parallel lines.

       The Bus Address is used to indicate the source location or destination in the data transfer process. On this path, the CPU will send a memory address that will be written or read. Address buses usually consist of 16, 20, 24, or 32 parallel lines. The Bus Control is used to control usage and access to Bus Data and the Bus Address. Consists of 4 to 10 parallel lines.

III. PRAKTIKUM

A.  PERAKITAN

       The stages of the process of assembling a computer consist of:

1. Preparing the motherboard

2. Installing the Processor

3. Installing Heatsinks

4. Installing the Memory Module

5. Installing the motherboard on the casing

6. Installing the Power Supply

7. Installing the Motherboard Cable and Casing

8. Installing the Drive

9. Install the Card Adapter

10. Final Settlement

1. Preparing Motherboard

       Check the motherboard manual to find out the position of the jumper for setting CPU speed, speed multiplier and input voltage to the motherboard. Adjusting the jumper settings according to instructions, adjusting the voltage jumper can damage the processor.

2. Installing the processor

       The processor is easier to install before the motherboard occupies the Casing. How to install a different type of socket and slot processor.

Socket type:

1. Determine the position of pin 1 on the processor and processor socket on the motherboard, generally located in a corner marked with dots, triangles or curves.

2. Position the socket lock lever to open.

3. Insert the processor into the socket by first aligning the position of the foot of the processor with the socket hole. close until there is no gap between the processor and socket.

4. Lower the locking lever again.

Slot type :

1. Install the bracket at the two ends of the slot on the motherboard so that the position of the key hole meets the hole on the motherboard.

2. Inserting the pegs then locking the pegs in the peg hole.

3. Insert the Card processor between the two holders and press it right into the slot hole.

3. Inserting a Heatsink

       The Heatsink function is to remove the heat produced by the processor through heat conduction from the processor to Heatsink. To optimize heat transfer, Heatsink must be mounted tightly on the top of the processor with a few clips as a barrier while the contact surface on Heatsink is coated with a heat transfer gene. If the Heatsink is equipped with a fan, the Power connector on the fan is connected to the fan connector on the motherboard.

4. Installing the Memory Module

       Memory modules are generally installed sequentially from the smallest socket number. The installation sequence can be seen from the motherboard diagram.

Each type of memory module, SIMM, DIMM and RIMM can be distinguished by the position of indentations on the sides and bottom of the module.

       How to install for each type of memory module as follows.

SIMM Type:

1. Adjusted the position of the indentation on the module with a bulge in the slot.

2. Insert the module by making a 45 degree tilt angle towards the slot

3. Pushing until the module is upright in the slot, the locking lever in the slot will automatically lock the module.

       How to install DIMM and RIMM modules is the same and there is only one way so that it will not be reversed because there are two curves as a guide. The difference between DIMM and RIMM is in the curve position.

1. Open the locking latch at the end of the slot.

2. Adjust the position of the indentation on the module connector with the protrusion in the slot. then insert the module into the slot.

3. The locking hook automatically locks the module in the slot when the module is properly installed.

5. Installing the motherboard on the casing

       The motherboard is mounted to the casing with a screw and standoff. The installation
 method is as follows:

1. Determine the position of the hole for each plastic and metal holder. The metal spacer 
is marked with a ring on the edge of the hole.

2. Installing a metal or plastic holder on the Casing tray according to the position of each 
suitable holder hole on the motherboard.

3. Placing the motherboard on the Casing tray so that the cradle head comes out of the hole 
on the motherboard. Install a locking screw on each metal stand.

4. Installing the I / O (I / O sheild) Port frame on the motherboard if there is one.

5. Installing the Casing tray that has the Motherboard installed on the Casing and lock 
with screw.

6.  Installing a Power Supply

Some types of casings are equipped with Power Supply. If the Power Supply is not included, the installation method is as follows:

1. Insert the Power Supply on the rack on the back of the casing. Attach to four locking 

screws.

2.Connect the Power connector from the Power Supply to the motherboard. ATX Power 

Connectors only have one method of installation so that they will not be reversed. For non 

ATX types with two separate connectors, black ground cables must be placed side by side 

and installed in the middle of  the Motherboard Power connector. Connect the power cable 

for the fan, if you use a fan for CPU cooling.

7. Installing Motherboard Cables and Casing

       After the motherboard is installed in the casing, the next step is to install an I / O cable on 
the motherboard and panel with the casing.

1. Install the data cable for the Floppy Drive on the Floppy controller connector on the 
Motherboard

2. Install the IDE cable to the primary and secondary IDE connector on the motherboard.

3. For non ATX motherboards. Plug the serial and parallel port cable into the connector on 
the motherboard. Note the position of pin 1 to install.

4. On the back of the casing there is a hole for installing additional types of non slot ports. Open the plate locking screw closed by the wrong port. Insert the connector port you want to install and plug the screw back in.

5. If the mouse port is not available on the back of the casing, the card mouse connector must be installed and then connected to the mouse connector on the motherboard.

6. Connection of the connector cable from the switch on the front panel Casing, LED, internal speaker and the Port that is installed in front of the casing if it is on the motherboard. Check the motherboard diagram to locate the appropriate connector.

8. Installing the Drive      

The procedures for installing a hard drive, floppy drive, CD ROM, CD-RW or DVD are the 

same as the following:

1.      Open the Bay Drive pellet cover (space for the Drive on the Casing).

2.      Insert the Drive from the front of the bay by first setting the jumper settings (as 

master or slave) on the Drive.

3.      Adjust the position of the screw hole in the Drive and Casing and install the Drive 

retainer screw.

4.      Connect the IDE cable connector to the Drive and the connector on the motherboard

 (the primary connector is used first)

5.      Repeat steps 1 to 4 for each drive installation.

6.      If the IDE cable is connected to two Drives, we can be sure that the difference 

between the two jumper settings is that the first Drive is set as the master and the other 

as the slave.

7.      The secondary IDE connector on the motherboard can be used to connect two 

additional drives.

8.      Floppy Drive is connected to a special Floppy connector on the motherboard

9.      Connect the Power cable from the power supply to each Drive.

9. Installing the Card Adapter

Commonly installed card adapters are VideoCard, Sound, Network, Modem and SCSI 

adapters. VideoCard generally must be installed and installed before other Card adapters.

How to install an adapter:

1.      Hold the card adapter to the edge, avoid touching components or electronic 

circuits. Press Card until the connector enters the expansion slot on the motherboard

2.      Attach the Card retention screw to the Casing

3.      Reconnect the internal cable on the Card, if applicable.

10. FINAL COMPLETION

1. Install the Casing cover by sliding.

2. Connect the cable from the power supply to the wall socket.

3. Install the monitor connector into the VideoCard Port.

4. Install the telephone cable connector into Port Modem if there is one.

5. Connect the keyboard cable connector and the mouse connector to the mouse Port or 
serial poert (depending on the type of mouse).

6. Connect other external devices such as speakers, joysticks, and microphones if they 
are to the appropriate port. Check the manual of the card adapter to ascertain the 
location of the port.

B. TESTING

      The computer that has just been assembled can be tested by running the BIOS setup 

program. How to test with the BIOS program as follows:

1.      Turn on the monitor then the system unit. Pay attention to the screen monitor and 

sound from the speaker.

2.      The FOST program from the BIOS will automatically detect the hardware installed 

on the computer. If there is an error, the monitor screen is blank and the speaker beeps 

regularly as an error indication code. Check the BIOS code reference to find out the error 

indication referred to by the beep code.

3.      If there is no error, the monitor displays the execution process of the POST 
program. Press the BIOS interrupt button according to the instructions on the screen to 
enter the BIOS setup program.

4.      Check all results of hardware detection by the BIOS setup program. Some settings 
may have to be changed in value, especially the hard drive capacity and boot sequence.

5.      Save changes to settings and exit BIOS setup

    After exiting the BIOS settings, the computer will load the Operating System in the search 

sequence according to the boot sequence in the BIOS. Insert a Bootable diskette or CD that 

contains the operating system on Search Drive.

C. HANDLING PROBLEMS

Common problems in computer assembly and handling include:

1.      If the computer or monitor does not turn on, it might be caused by a switch or 

the power cable has not been connected.

2.      The card adapter that is not detected is caused by the installation. The card does 

not enter the slot / LED of the hard drive, the Floppy or CD lights up continuously 

because the cable connector is damaged or the pin is not connected properly.

IV. PRACTICE TASK

1.  Explain and do the steps or the Linux installation process from start to finish!

2. Get to know Computer Architecture

     Fill in the list of abbreviated components according to the PC architecture image below:

GPU          =                                                                                                

AGP          =                                                                                                 

HDD         =                                                                                                 

FDD          =                                                                                                 

FSB           =                                                                                                 

USB           =                                                                                                 

PCI            =                                                                                                 

RTC           =                                                                                                 

PATA        =                                                                                                 

SATA        =                                                                                                 

ISA            =                                                                                                 

IDE           =                                                                                                 

MCA         =                                                                                               

3. Hardware on a computer system is divided into 3 main parts, namely:

  - Input Unit

  - Processing Unit

  - Output Unit

Mention the type of device input unit!

Mention the 3 Main Components of the Processing Unit and explain each of the main functions of the 3 main components of the Processing unit!

State the type of device output unit and explain!

4. Explain how each PC component works.

     Choose one of the components contained on your computer, and explain the working 
      mechanism of the component, compare the performance with similar components that function together 
with different specifications! (Cannot be the same as other friends in one group).

5. Memory can be divided into two parts, namely internal memory and external memory. 
    Mention and explain the two types of memory!6.   Jelaskan tentang register!

7. Explain about the processor and how it is developing!

8. Explain about the motherboard!

9. Mention preparations in assembling a computer!

10. Mention the causes of computer troubleshooting and how to overcome them!

III.   LIBRARY RESOURCES

1.    Ivan Suderman, Computer Hardware Development, ivan@wiraekabhakti.co.id

2.   Arif Irwansyah, Assembling Computers, arif@eepis-its.edu

3. Computer Basic Practicum Module, Informatics Engineering, Informatics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Trunojoyo, 2010.

Click here! Hardware Module